PHARMACY INFORMATICS EQUIPS PHARMACISTS with the data and insight to improve transitions of care, which expands their clinical influence far beyond medication verification, reconciliation, and consultation. By providing more precise information, pharmacy informatics can improve patient safety, make transitions of care more efficient, and reduce readmissions.
Emmanuel Enwere, Pharm.D., M.S.
According to Emmanuel Enwere, Pharm.D., M.S., a Clinical Informatics Pharmacist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC) in Houston, “Integrated electronic health records (EHRs) give us a better picture of who patients are and their risk factors for readmission.” EHRs also make reviewing patient data a lot easier. “We can easily pull a report, for example, on how many patients received pharmacy transitions-of-care services or the number of readmissions in a given month with the improved data capture from an integrated EHR system,” he said.
Pharmacy Scoring System
Phuoc Anh (Anne) Nguyen, Pharm.D., M.S., BCPS, is a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist at UTMDACC who focuses on transitions of care and internal medicine. She worked with the informatics team to create a transitions-of-care pharmacy scoring system to prioritize patients on the General Internal Medicine service. The transitions-of-care pharmacy scoring system adds points to a patient’s cumulative score for various factors such as the number of medications, types of high-risk medications, age, timeliness of medication history, and allergy assessment. A higher score “helps us to determine which patients might need medication reconciliation first,” said Dr. Enwere.
Anne Nguyen, Pharm.D., M.S., BCPS
For example, due to limited pharmacy resources in the emergency center, a patient who was admitted overnight did not receive a visit by pharmacy at the time of admission. Fortunately, the patient was flagged as a priority because of age, lack of medication history, polypharmacy, high risk for readmission, and no review of allergy information, noted Dr. Nguyen. She met with the patient and discovered upon admission medication reconciliation that he was taking 10 additional medications with multiple discrepancies. “The pharmacy monitoring system — with its auto-populated, rule-based scoring, patient list, and communication handoff tools — allows pharmacy staff to better prioritize their workload based on patients’ needs,” said Dr. Nguyen.
She recalled one patient who had a score of 70. “She had 56 medications on her list — the most I’ve ever seen,” Dr. Nguyen said. The score was so high because the patient went to several doctors and pharmacies. According to Dr. Nguyen, if the cancer center hadn’t used the transitions-of-care pharmacy scoring system, pharmacists might not have been alerted and triaged the patient appropriately.
Two years ago, the UTMDACC Division of Pharmacy was awarded an ASHP Foundation Practice Advancement Initiative Demonstration Grant to evaluate the impact of a pharmacy transitions-of-care program at a National Comprehensive Cancer Center. The recent implementation of a new integrated EHR system, which included many improved transitions-of-care tools, was extremely helpful in supporting the pharmacy transitions-of-care program services. Dr. Enwere explained that getting buy-in from hospital administration was not difficult. In fact, administrators were receptive to the pharmacy’s program to improve transitions of care because it aligned well with other efforts in the health system to increase patient safety and reduce readmission rates.
Dr. Enwere and the transitions-of-care workgroup within the ASHP Clinical Information Systems section are currently looking at the use of pharmacy informatics in transitions of care from a broader perspective. They surveyed ASHP members to assess the impact of technology and pharmacists on transitions of care at health systems nationwide. The data gathered from the survey will help shine light on technology best practices related to transitions of care and potential areas where pharmacy informatics can continue to improve continuity of care.
Informatics Improves Patient Education at Johns Hopkins
Emily Pherson, Pharm.D.
Pharmacists have always played a role in patient education, particularly around medication use. Informatics is now allowing them to improve patient care. “The technology greatly expands the amount of education we’re able to do as pharmacists … and has fundamentally been a game-changer,” said Emily Pherson, Pharm.D., a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist of Adult Internal Medicine at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.
Again, informatics allows greater precision in prioritizing patients. According to Dr. Pherson, when a physician prescribes a new medication in one of five high-risk medication classes, the patient’s EHR at Johns Hopkins sends out an alert to the hospital’s pharmacy. After a pharmacist educates the patient about the new medication, “all pharmacists, including the decentralized or rounding pharmacists, can see that the patient education occurred and was fulfilled,” said Dr. Pherson.
The same holds true for delivery and verification of medication histories. “The pharmacy techs typically collect the medication history, and then the pharmacist checks, confirms, and reconciles the list,” she added.
Informatics Drives Innovation in Pharmacy Services
In addition to using informatics to fine-tune transitions of care, pharmacists are also using informatics to expand services. For example, direct delivery of outpatient medications prior to hospital discharge can be coordinated and optimized through data collected by pharmacy informatics tools. Although these meds-to-beds programs are not necessarily new, they are expanding in scope and precision because of technology, noted Dr. Enwere.
Samm Anderegg, Pharm.D., M.S., BCPS
As pharmacists continue to find new ways to use informatics to improve patient care, several challenges remain. According to Samm Anderegg, Pharm.D., M.S., BCPS, Health IT Consultant with the Pharmacy Health Information Technology Collaborative, one of the biggest struggles with informatics is customizing the software or developing new software to support innovative pharmacy practices.
Dr. Anderegg believes that one day, every medication a patient is taking, their family history, their social history, and other details will be logged into their EHR as discrete data points with availability to all healthcare providers regardless of practice setting. Technology will soon be able to find associations among specific medications, patient factors, and outcomes so pharmacists can understand the whole patient, he explained. In the future, the technology may be able to know what treatments are best for patients based on this data.
However, even with all the progress in informatics, said Dr. Anderegg, “It’s never going to replace the cognitive ability of clinicians, who assimilate the information to individualize treatments for our patients.”
By Damian McNamara
